In China, the epidemiological evidence shows that the prevalence of CVD has been increasing continuously, contributing to –45% of death based on the China Cardiovascular Disease Report 2018. The purpose of this review was to summarize the genetically-modified hamster models with dyslipidemia to date, and their potential applications and perspective for ASCVD.Ītherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease leading to the occlusion of arteries by atherosclerotic plaques, is a major pathological basis of cardiovascular disease (CVD), including coronary heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease, which is the first leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. With the development and breakthrough of novel gene editing technology, Syrian golden hamster, a small rodent animal replicating the metabolic characteristics of humans, has been genetically modified, suggesting that gene-targeted hamster models will provide new insights into the precision medicine and translational research of ASCVD. However, based on the concept of precision medicine and high demand of translational research, the applications of mouse models for human ASCVD study would be limited due to the natural differences in metabolic features between mice and humans even though they are still the most powerful tools in this research field, indicating that other species with biological similarity to humans need to be considered for studying ASCVD in future. Over the past 40 years, small rodent animals, such as mice, have been widely used for understanding of human atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) with the advantages of low cost and ease of maintenance and manipulation. In this project, we are only talking about gravitational potential energy, so we usually drop the "gravitational" and just say "potential energy.Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries, in which atherosclerosis triggered by dyslipidemia is the major pathological basis. ![]() *Note: there are other kinds of potential energy, like elastic potential energy (the energy you get when you stretch a rubber band). This means that if you want your marble to do something exciting like go up a ramp, through a loop, or over a jump, it is important to build a smooth track so the marble does not lose too much energy to bumps and collisions. Friction can even cause the marble to come to a stop on a long, flat stretch of track. As the marble loses energy due to friction and collisions, it may have trouble getting over smaller hills. Due to conservation of energy, the marble can never go over a hill higher than where it started. The marble will need enough kinetic energy to get over the hill, or it will come to a stop and then roll backwards. ![]() What does all this mean for your marble run? It is very important if you want your marble to go up over a hill! As it goes back up a hill, some of the marble's kinetic energy is converted back to potential energy. The total amount of energy in the system remains the same. This energy does not disappear, however-it is converted into other forms like heat and sound. ![]() ![]() The marble also loses a small amount of energy due to friction, or when it collides with the walls of the track. Its potential energy is converted to kinetic energy, the energy of motion. When you release the marble, gravity starts to pull it down the track. Potential energy is the energy an object stores due to its height off the ground and its mass. What happens as your marble races down your marble run? First, when you raise your marble off the ground, you give it gravitational potential energy*.
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